apt - Advanced Package Tool (APT) is a free-software user interface that works with core libraries to handle the installation and removal of software on Debian and Debian-based Linux distributions.
systemd status - determine the status of a service
nano - a simple terminal-based text editor
lsb_release - print distribution specific information
openssh-server - collection of tools for remotely controlling networked computers. Example:
sudo apt install openssh-server sudo systemctl enable --now ssh
pipeline ‘|’ or ‘|&’ - a sequence of one or more commands separated by one of the control operators.
grep - grep searches one or more input files for lines containing a match to a specified pattern. Example:
php -m | grep -i mysql
groupadd - create a new group
useradd - create a new user or update default new user information
chown - change file owner and group
chmod - change access permissions
> - before a command is executed, its input and output may be redirected using a special notation interpreted by the shell.
find - find files. Example:
sudo find / -type f -name "dovecot-sql.conf" 2>/dev/null
-
find /— search starting from the root/, so essentially the whole filesystem. -
-type f— search only for files. -
-name "dovecot-sql.conf"— look for exactly this filename. -
2>/dev/null— redirection to hide permission-denied and other error messages.
wget - software package for retrieving files using HTTP, HTTPS, FTP and FTPS
tar - provides the ability to create and extract tar archives
mv - move (rename) files
composer - a dependency manager for PHP
rm - remove files or directories
ln - make links between files
journalctl - print log entries from the systemd journal